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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their sole aim is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have big heads with highly modified strong jaws therefore enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, such as juveniles, they're fed by employees.5556 Fontanelles, simple holes in the eyebrow that exude defensive secretions, are a feature of their family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species are readily identified using the characteristics of the soldiers' bigger and darker head and large mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers can use their globular (phragmotic) heads to block their narrow tunnels.58 Different types of soldiers include minor and significant soldiers, and nasutes, which have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers can spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes at their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation has an important role in nasute nutrition.60.
The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of this queen swells up radically to increase fecundity, a feature known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain period of year, and huge swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into employees, but others might farther moult to become soldiers or alates.
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Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the employees are entirely female. Men (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both employees and the queen) are both diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, male and female workers may have different roles in a termite colony.63.
The life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult phases.64 Nymphs resemble little adults, and go through a series of moults as they grow.
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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed thembut workers also take part in the social life of the colony and also have certain different tasks to achieve such as foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of those termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Termite alates only depart the colony when a nuptial flight occurs. Alate males and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable spot for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a place. When they do, they excavate a chamber large enough for hop over to here both, shut up the entrance and proceed to mate.70 After mating, the set never go outdoors and spend the remainder of their lives in the nest.
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For example, alates in certain species emerge during the daytime in summer while others emerge during winter.71 The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with a great deal of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the larger species typically having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is several years old.53 At adulthood, a main queen has a great capability to lay eggs. In some species, the adult queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and may create 40,000 eggs a day.72 The two mature ovaries may have some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to several times greater than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant employees offer assistance.